Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) are generated from a pool of neuroepithelial cells that begin to transition into Radial Glial Cells (RGC). These cells, in partially overlapped waves, first producing several self-amplifying symmetric divisions and then RG...

How can we evaluate the positive impact that visionary people can have on science? Should we support funneling large amounts of money to big projects? Both questions arose when I watched Noah Hutton’s film, In Silico .* I invited several prominent scientists to comment on the film’s main topic, modeling the human brain, in a special collection for eNeuro . The film tells the 10-year journey beginning with Henry Markram’s 2009 TED talk (https://www.ted.com/talks/henry\_markram\_a\_brain\_in\_a\_supercomputer), where he announced that the brain could be modeled within 10 years in a supercomputer. The scientific initiative began in 2005 at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne when Markram founded and directed the first scientific initiative toward his goal: the Blue Brain Project (https://www.epfl.ch/research/domains/bluebrain/). Then, in 2012, the European Union selected the Human Brain Project (https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/), also then led by Markram, as one of two flagship programs to be awarde...

Sleep consists of two alternating states—rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Neurons adjust their firing activity based on brain state, however, the extent to which this modulation varies across neurons and brain regions remains poorly understood. This study analyzed previously acquired 17-h continuous recordings of single-unit activity and local field potentials in the ventral hippocampal CA1 region, prelimbic cortex layer 5, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala of fear-conditioned rats. The findings indicate that more than half of the neurons fired faster during REM sleep than during NREM sleep, although a notable subset of neurons exhibited the opposite preference, firing preferentially during NREM sleep. During sleep, the overall firing activity of both REM- and NREM-preferring neurons decreased. However, fast network oscillations, including hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), amygdalar high-frequency oscillations, cortical ripples, and cortical spindles, differentially modulated R...

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Recent fMRI studies reported transformed representations between perception and visual working memory (VWM) in human early visual cortex (EVC). This is inconsistent with the still widely cited original proposal of the sensory account of VWM, which argues for a shared perception-VWM representation based on successful cross-decoding of the two representations. Although cross-decoding was usually lower than within-VWM decoding and consistent with transformed VWM representations, this has been attributed to experimental differences between perceptual and VWM tasks: once they are equated, the same representation is expected to exist in both. Including human participants of both sexes, this study compared target and distractor representations during the same VWM delay period for the same objects, thereby equating experimental differences. Even with strong VWM representations present throughout occipitotemporal cortex (OTC, including EVC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), fMRI cross-decoding revealed significa...

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