The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is obligatory for fear learning. This learning is linked to BLA excitatory projection neurons whose activity is regulated by complex networks of inhibitory interneurons, dominated by parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic neurons. The roles of these GABAergic interneurons in learning to fear and learning not to fear, their activity profiles across the course of fear learning, and whether or how these change across the course of learning each remain poorly understood. Here we used PV cell-type specific recording and manipulation approaches in male transgenic PV-Cre rats during Pavlovian fear conditioning to address these issues. We show that activity of BLA PV neurons during the moments of aversive reinforcement controls fear learning about aversive events but their activity during moments of non-reinforcement does not control fear extinction learning. Furthermore, we show expectation-modulation of BLA PV neurons during fear learning, with greater activity to unexpected than ex...