NF-κB proteins are well known as transcription factors important in immune system activation. In this highly conserved role, they contribute to changes in behavior in response to infection and in response to a variety of other insults and experiences. In some mammalian neurons, NF-κBs can be found at the synapse and translocate to the nucleus to alter gene expression when activated by synaptic activity. Here, we demonstrate that, in Drosophila melanogaster , NF-κB action is important both inside and outside the nucleus and that the Dif gene has segregated nuclear and non-nuclear NF-κB action into different protein isoforms. The DifA isoform is a canonical nuclear-acting NF-κB protein that enters the nucleus and is important for combating infection. The DifB variant, but not the DifA variant, is found in the central nervous system (mushroom bodies and antennal lobes). DifB does not enter the nucleus and co-localizes with a synaptic protein. In males and females, a DifB mutant alters alcohol behavioral sensi...