We have developed a model that allows imaging of the brain effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance in nonhuman primates. Utilizing a visual delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task (Hampson et al. SFN Abstr. v.28, #477.3, 2002), rhesus macaque monkeys were trained to respond to a high overall level (80%) of performance, then individually sleep-deprived for 30-36 hours using a combination of distracters (lighting, music, videos, food, toys) and tested the next day during a session in which 18Fluroxyglucose was injected for PET imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Performance accuracy on the task was significantly reduced by 15-25%, and reaction times slowed by at least 50% in all monkeys. Scalp EEG showed power spectrum shifts indicative of sleep states during task performance. Global rates of glucose utilization were elevated with regional increases evident in anterior cingulate, prefrontal, parietal and temporal corticies as well as amygdala, assessed while sleep deprived monkeys perform...