Among the most high-profile research done by the members of the Society for Neuroscience is research using nonhuman primates. For example, research with nonhuman primates has figured critically in each of the Brain Research Success Stories recently published by SfN and in the 2004 Animals in Research Panel on Translational Neuroscience Accomplishments. Moreover, the imminent completion of the genome of two species of nonhuman primates, the chimpanzee and the rhesus monkey, together with the completion of the human genome, sets the stage for remarkable new areas of comparative and translational research and discovery involving nonhuman primates. Yet, in spite of its importance, research with nonhuman primates is facing increasing challenges. Animal rights extremists have become more sophisticated in their attacks, and, most recently, they have begun to seek legal 'personhood' status for animals. It seems likely that primates, and especially chimpanzees, would be at the forefront of this movement. Further, m...