Humans rapidly update the control of an ongoing movement following changes in contextual parameters. This involves adjusting the controller to exploit redundancy in the movement goal, such as when reaching for a narrow or wide target, and adapting to dynamic changes such as velocity-dependent force fields (FFs). Although flexible control and motor adaptation are computationally distinct, the fact that both unfold within the same movement suggests that they interact functionally to support task-specific adjustments. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of experiments combining changes in the target structure and a force field presented separately or in combination. Seventy-six human participants (both sexes) took part in this study, with each experiment involving different participants. They were asked to reach for a target that could change from a narrow square to a wide rectangle between or during trials. Step loads were used to assess whether participants exploited target redundancy. In a separ...

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The present study investigated when different classes of GABA-containing interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) were generated during prenatal and postnatal development. Pregnant female rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at different gestation times ranging from embryonic day 12 (E12) to 21. In addition, newborn male rat pups were injected at post-natal days 3, 7, and 14. Rats were allowed to mature to 75-90 days old before they were perfused with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution, their brains were removed and tissue was processed to reveal both BrdU and one of the calcium-binding proteins: calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), or parvalbumin (PV). Double-labeled cells first appeared after E12, continued to be present through E19, and were no longer evident thereafter. The distribution of double-labeled cells across development differed among the subtypes of GABAergic neurons. The number of double-labeled PV-containing neurons peaked at E14 and remained at comparable levels until E17-E18...

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Introductory neuroscience courses in the undergraduate curriculum are designed so that students will gain a basic understanding of the nervous system, the broad scope of the field of neuroscience and often, its intersections with society-- as may be obs...

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