Altered functional connectivity has been reported in infants with prenatal exposure to opioids, which significantly interrupts and influences endogenous neurotransmitter/receptor signaling during fetal programming. Better birth outcomes and long-term developmental outcomes are associated with medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during pregnancy, but the neural mechanisms underlying these benefits are largely unknown. We aimed to characterize effects of prenatal opioid/other drug exposure (PODE) and the neural basis for MOUD’s reported beneficial effects by examining neonatal brain functional organization. A cohort of 109 human newborns (42 PODE, 39 with prenatal exposure to drugs excluding opioids (PDE), 28 drug-free controls; males and females) underwent resting-state fMRI at 2 weeks of age. To examine neural effects of MOUD, PODE infants were separated into subgroups based on whether mothers received MOUD (n=31) or no treatment (n=11). A novel heatmap analysis was designed to characterize PODE-asso...