Neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls dominance hierarchies in groups of animals. Dopamine (DA) strongly modulates PFC activity mainly through D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2 receptors (D2Rs). Still, it is unclear how these two subpopulations of DA receptor-expressing neurons in the PFC regulate social dominance hierarchy. Here, we demonstrate distinct roles for prefrontal D1R- and D2R-expressing neurons in establishing social hierarchy, with D1R+ neurons determining dominance whereas D2R+ neurons for the subordinate. Ex vivo whole-cell recordings revealed that the dominant status of male mice correlates with rectifying AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor transmission and stronger excitatory synaptic strength onto D1R+ neurons in PFC pyramidal neurons. In contrast, the submissive status is associated with higher neuronal excitability in D2R+ neurons. Moreover, simultaneous manipulations of synaptic efficacy of D1R+ neurons in dominant male mice and neuronal e...