Background: Gait disturbance, clumsiness, and other mild movement problems are often observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Rinehart et al., 2006). This study focused on brain changes that may indicate the neural basis for these motor symptoms that ...

Several studies have demonstrated that memories for painful events are often inaccurate and generally overestimated. The magnitude and direction of the discrepancy between remembered pain and actual pain are dependent upon many factors. Redelmeier and K...

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and late-life cognitive impairment and dementia. The risk factors include hypertension, elevated resting blood sugar/insulin resistance, h...

Reports suggest that depressed patients with more WMLs on T2W MRI have decreased response rates to antidepressant treatment, perhaps due to interruption of pathways involved in emotional regulation. To systematically identify WML number and location, we studied late-life depression using T2W and 3D T1W MRI. T2W scans were performed using 2D TSE: TR 4000ms, TE 97ms, 17 echoes, 2mm thickness, 10mm gap, 6 interleaves, 256x256x108, (1x1x2mm). Four separate sagittal 3D T1W scans were performed with MP-RAGE: TR 1900ms, TE 4ms, TI 1100ms, 222x256x128 (1x1x1.25mm). The T1W scans were coregistered to correct for head motion prior to averaging. The TSE scans were coregistered with the T1W scans and both were transformed into Talairach space. Parabolic gain field corrections were performed on both images to allow whole brain tissue type determination. A 2D histogram of pixel values was used to identify peaks for CSF, air, gray matter, white matter and two soft tissues. WML pixels were separated from both white and gr...

In order to find out whether it is possible to detect EH with a 4.7 T MRI device, five guinea pigs were used for evaluating the dynamic change of gadolinium uptake in normal cochlea n=15 and experimental induced EH. Two kinds of operation were used to obtain an EH-endolymphatic sac (ES) intact group (n=6) and ES -damaged group (n=9). D-aldosterone (1 mg/kg) was given to 6 animals in the ES -damaged group, injected 8-9 days after ES surgery. MRI was performed and hearing was tested by ECoG in the ES- damaged group. It was found that as early as 5 days after ES surgery, EH started in all animals as verified by MRI scannings and histology. Serious damage to the inner ear barrier was detected with MRI in one advanced stage animal, which received D-aldosterone injection with a 60 dB hearing loss. Three areas of the cochlea were measured and area factor with scala vestibuli or scala tympani as reference were used for quantitative evaluation of EH. For EH to be defined as being present 87.5 % (7/8) of all the are...

Resisting Apoptosis with Δ Np73 Gregory S. Walsh, Nina Orike, David R. Kaplan, and Freda D. Miller (see pages [9638-9647][1]) Young does not always equal hardy, at least in the case of peripheral neurons. Adult sensory neurons in culture do not require trophic factors for survival, and they can

Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In ischemic stroke, blockage of cerebral blood flow causes an irreversibly damaged core region and a penumbra that may get permanently damaged in the absence of an effective interventi...

A central aim of cognitive and clinical neuroscience is to map structure to function, which will enable the prediction of functional deficits from structural damage. In clinical practice, evidence from post neurosurgical evaluations has underscored the ...

Our functional MRI studies of complex finger movements in normal subjects have demonstrated two distinct loci of activity on the anterior bank of the central sulcus in primary motor cortex (M1). The first site is located on the knob formed by the inter-digitation of M1 and primary sensory cortex (S1), and the second is found lateral to this knob. The question then arises as to whether these functionally distinct areas share the same neuroanatomical features and whether or not both are part of M1. In order to relate our functional observations to the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of these areas, we imaged (T1-weighted MRI) post-mortem tissue and then performed basic neuroanatomy with Nissl histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for calcium binding proteins (calbindinD28 and parvalbumin) and a non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32). While brain activation in the medial location was clearly embedded in M1, the lateral site was difficult to assess cyto- and chemoarchitectonically. This was due to a d...

Disruption of cognitive control functions such as selective attention and working memory is one of the most common and disabling sequels of acquired brain injuries. Selection of task-relevant information from among non-relevant distractors for deeper pr...