Tlr2-deficient mice have reduced neuroinflammation after brain ischemic lesion. Following necrosis after ischemia, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) proteins recognize DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns) and activate innate immune response in the bra...

Introduction: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may develop following to an exposure to a highly traumatic event. It has been needed to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying PTSD using animal models. Most of thes...

Recovery of motor functions after subcortical stroke correlates with the degree of corticospinal tract damage. Typically, extensive corticospinal tract lesions result in near-permanent loss of hand dexterity. Instead, sparing of corticospinal tract fibe...

  In the article “Neural Correlates of Successful Encoding Identified Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” which appeared on pages 9541–9548 of the November 1, 2002 issue, the name of an author was misprinted. The third author's name should have read Darren R. Gitelman

Hypertension related illnesses are a leading cause of disability and death in the United States. Due to the high prevalence of adverse effects of pharmacological interventions for hypertension, there is increased interest in the development of nonpharma...

The analysis of neuronal avalanches supports the hypothesis that the human cortex operates with critical neural dynamics. Here, we investigate the relationship between cascades of activity in electroencephalogram data, cognitive state, and reaction time in humans using a multimodal approach. We recruited 18 healthy volunteers for the acquisition of simultaneous electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging during both rest and during a visuomotor cognitive task. We compared distributions of electroencephalogram-derived cascades to reference power laws for task and rest conditions. We then explored the large-scale spatial correspondence of these cascades in the simultaneously acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Furthermore, we investigated whether individual variability in reaction times is associated with the amount of deviation from power law form. We found that while resting state cascades are associated with approximate power law form, the task state is associated with ...

With over 1 million emergency room visits a year and 1.7 million new cases annually in the United States, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is widely prevalent. About 80% of all TBIs are classified as mild, more commonly referred to as a concussion. Despite ...

How the brain detects and reacts to errors has become a central question in cognitive neuroscience research ([Gehring et al., 2012][1]). As such, many studies using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have focused on the underlying neural mechanisms

Fusional binocular divergence is required when changing binocular fixation from near to far objects, but it is also required to maintain fusion in the face of pathological mechanical or neural biases towards convergence. The superior compartment of the ...

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human brain is widely used in neuroscience, but the exact relationship between measured fMRI response and the underlying changes in neuronal activity is still elusive. To obtain further information about the specific roles of synaptic (input) and spiking activity (output) for the generation of fMRI-related signals, we used an approach that combines electrophysiological and MRI measurements in the anatomically and physiologically well defined rat hippocampus. Direct electrical stimulation of the perforant pathway enabled us to control synchronized input activity to the dentate gyrus, whereas recorded population spikes from the granular cell layer indicated the dentate output activity. The perforant pathway was first stimulated with 15 identical pulse trains (10 Hz for 8 s), and evoked blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses and population spikes were measured for each individual stimulus train. Spatial and magnitude aspects of the elicited BOLD ...